Earth is approximately spherical, not flat.
Measurements from the ground and space agree: Earth is a slightly flattened sphere, with an uneven surface.
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The Truth Library
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Earth orbits the Sun.
Earth completes an orbit around the Sun in about one year while also rotating on its axis.
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Earth is approximately 4.54 billion years old.
Radiometric dating places Earth’s formation about 4.54 billion years ago, with uncertainty of roughly 50 million years.
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The Moon influences ocean tides.
Differences in the Moon’s gravitational pull across Earth help drive tides. The Sun and local geography matter too.
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The Apollo Moon landings occurred.
Mission records, later images of landing sites and radio reception on Earth provide converging evidence of the landings.
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The universe is expanding.
On large scales, the distances between unbound galaxies grow as the universe expands.
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In standard arithmetic, 2 + 2 = 4.
Adding two units to two units gives four. This follows from the definitions of ordinary whole-number arithmetic.
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Objects with mass attract one another gravitationally.
Gravity produces attraction between masses in ordinary conditions; its effects can be measured and predicted.
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Light travels at a finite speed.
In vacuum, light travels at exactly 299,792,458 meters per second under the modern SI definition.
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Energy is conserved in an isolated physical system.
When all relevant forms are counted, an isolated system’s total energy remains constant in the usual physical setting.
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A probability between 0 and 1 does not guarantee a single result.
A likely outcome can fail to happen. Probability describes uncertainty, not a promise about one trial.
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Correlation alone does not establish causation.
Two things moving together does not show that one caused the other.
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Earth’s global surface temperature has increased over the modern instrumental record.
Long-term global measurements show warming, even though individual years and places vary.
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Human activity is the dominant cause of recent global warming.
Evidence identifies human greenhouse-gas emissions as the main driver of the warming observed since the mid-20th century.
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Carbon dioxide absorbs and emits infrared radiation.
CO₂ interacts with infrared light at particular wavelengths, a property measured in spectroscopy.
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Global sea level has risen over the modern observational period.
Tide gauges and satellite measurements show a long-term rise in global mean sea level.
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Weather and climate describe different timescales.
Weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions. Climate describes their patterns over longer periods.
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Renewable energy technologies have environmental impacts as well as benefits.
Renewable does not mean impact-free. Materials, land, construction and disposal belong in the comparison.
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DNA carries hereditary information in cellular organisms.
DNA stores genetic information that cells copy and pass on during reproduction.
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Biological evolution occurs across generations.
Inherited characteristics of populations change over generations. This is observed and supported by multiple kinds of evidence.
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Antibiotics do not treat viral infections.
Antibiotics target bacteria, not viruses. A bacterial complication may still require an antibiotic.
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Vaccination can reduce the risk of specific infectious diseases.
Vaccines can lower disease risk by preparing immune defenses. Protection varies by vaccine, disease and person.
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Smoking tobacco increases the risk of lung cancer.
People who smoke have a higher risk of lung cancer. Increased risk is not a prediction of one person’s outcome.
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Normal human blood is red inside the body, not blue.
Oxygen-rich blood is brighter red; oxygen-poor blood is darker red. Blue-looking veins do not contain blue blood.
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The Holocaust occurred.
Nazi Germany and its collaborators murdered approximately six million Jews. Extensive documentary and physical evidence establishes this history.
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The printing press transformed information sharing in Europe.
Movable-type printing allowed texts to be reproduced at a scale that changed European communication.
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Photographs and videos can be altered or fabricated.
A convincing image is not, by itself, proof that an event happened as shown.
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Eyewitness memory can be inaccurate.
A sincere memory can contain errors. Perception, delay and later information can affect recall.
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Scientific conclusions can change when new evidence emerges.
Scientific explanations are tested against evidence and may be refined, limited or replaced.
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A widely repeated claim is not necessarily true.
Repetition can increase familiarity. It does not supply evidence that a claim is correct.
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Lower inflation does not necessarily mean lower prices.
If prices are still rising, a lower inflation rate means a slower increase—not a return to earlier prices.
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The importer of record pays U.S. import duties.
The importer pays customs. The ultimate economic cost can be shared through prices, margins and changes in trade.
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Large studies and evidence reviews do not support vaccines causing autism.
The vaccine–autism claim conflicts with extensive research, including large population studies and updated evidence reviews.
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COVID-19 mRNA vaccines do not rewrite a recipient’s DNA.
Vaccine mRNA supplies instructions for making a protein. That process is different from editing the cell’s genome.
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Changes in unofficial election totals do not, by themselves, prove fraud.
Election-night results are preliminary. Totals can change as eligible ballots are counted and results are checked.
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Different crime measures can show different trends without either being fabricated.
Police records and victimization surveys count different things. Compare the same offenses, places, periods and populations.
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A Texas study found lower felony arrest rates among undocumented immigrants, 2012–2018.
In this study, undocumented immigrants had lower felony arrest rates than U.S.-born citizens. This is a defined place and period, not a universal claim.
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EVs typically have lower lifetime greenhouse-gas emissions than gasoline cars.
Battery production has emissions. Lifetime comparisons also count electricity and driving; typical EVs still come out lower.
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Cloud seeding is not evidence that people can steer hurricanes.
Limited weather-modification efforts exist. No demonstrated technology allows people to direct a hurricane toward a chosen community.
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A confident AI answer can contain false information and fabricated citations.
Fluent wording and a source-shaped citation are not proof. Open the source and check whether it exists and supports the claim.
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Classifications apply to the exact statement. They are not numerical probabilities. Review copies show proposed classifications only.